Skip to main content

Indian History | Bronze age

 

Bronze Age (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)

Indus Valley Civilisation

Main article: Indus Valley Civilisation
See also: List of Indus Valley civilisation sites
Mature Harappan Period, c. 2600 - 1900 BCE

The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BCE. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley region was one of three early cradles of civilization of the Old World. Of the three, the Indus Valley civilisation was the most expansive,[46] and at its peak, may have had a population of over five million.[47]

The civilisation was primarily centered in modern-day Pakistan, in the Indus river basin, and secondarily in the Ghaggar-Hakra River basin in eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. The mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the Indian subcontinent. The civilisation included cities such as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India.

Mohenjo-daro, one of the largest Indus cities. View of the site's Great Bath, showing the surrounding urban layout.
Dholavira, a city of the Indus Valley civilisation, with stepwell steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs.[48]
Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at Lothal

Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol[further explanation needed] products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multi-storeyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organisation. Civilization also developed a Indus script, which is presently undeciphered.[49] This is the reason why Harappan language is not directly attested, and its affiliation uncertain. [50] A relationship or membership of the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is proposed by some scholars.[51][52]

Three stamp seals and their impressions bearing Indus script characters alongside animals: "unicorn" (left), bull (center), and elephant (right); Guimet Museum

After the collapse of Indus Valley civilisation, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley civilisation migrated from the river valleys of Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra, towards the Himalayan foothills of Ganga-Yamuna basin.[53]

Ochre Coloured Pottery culture

Sinauli "chariot", photograph of the Archaeological Survey of India.[54]

During 2nd millennium BCE, Ochre Coloured Pottery culture was in Ganga Yamuna Doab region. These were rural settlement with agriculture and hunting. They were using copper tools such as axes, spears, arrows, and swords. The people had domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs.[55] The site gained attention for its Bronze Age solid-disk wheel carts, found in 2018,[56] which were interpreted by some as horse-pulled "chariots".[57][58][note 1]

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What is Knowledge???

  Knowledge   can be defined as   awareness of facts   or as   practical skills , and may also refer to   familiarity with objects or situations . Knowledge of facts, also called   propositional   knowledge, is often defined as   true   belief   that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of   justification . While there is wide agreement among philosophers that it is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification: whether it is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified due to a series of   thought experiments by Edmund Gettier   and have provoked various alternative definitions. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and replace it, for example, with   reliability   or the manifestation of   cognitive virtues . Others contend that justification is needed but formulate addition...
Post a Comment
Read more

Indian History

History of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from  Indian History ) Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the pre-1947 history of the Indian subcontinent. For post-1947 history, see  History of India (1947–present) . Part of  a series  on the History of  India show Prehistoric show Ancient show Classical show Early medieval show Late medieval show Early modern show Modern show Related articles v t e History of South Asia show Outline show National histories show Regional histories show Specialised histories v t e Indus Valley civilisation, mature phase (2600–1900 BCE) According to consensus in modern genetics,  anatomically modern humans  first arrived on the  Indian subcontinent  from  Africa  between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. [1]  However, the earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Settled life, which involves the transition from foraging to farming and ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Indian History | Modern Period & Historiography

  Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE) The  early modern period  of Indian history is dated from 1526 CE to 1858 CE, corresponding to the rise and fall of the  Mughal Empire , which inherited from the  Timurid Renaissance . During this age India's economy expanded, relative peace was maintained and arts were patronized. This period witnessed the further development of  Indo-Islamic architecture ; [314] [315]  the growth of  Mahrattas  and  Sikhs  enabled them to rule significant regions of India in the waning days of the Mughal empire, which formally came to an end when the  British Raj  was founded. [22]  With the discovery of the  Cape route  in the 1500s, the first Europeans to arrive by sea and establish themselves, were the  Portuguese in Goa and Bombay . [316] Mughal Empire Main article:  Mughal Empire See also:  Bengal Subah ,  Muslin trade in Bengal ,  Mughal architecture ,...
Post a Comment
Read more